Food Palatability And The Reward Value Of Nutrients

Abstract: It was originally thought that both the palatability and the reward value of nutrients are processed in the same brain region. However, a study conducted by Wassum et al. (2009) provides evidence that this is not the case. They found that the nucleus accumbens and the ventral pallidum are responsible for processing food palatability while the basolateral amygdala is involved in assigning incentive value of food rewards. Furthermore, these processes are interrupted when naloxone is administered into their associated regions. This research is significant because it could provide insight into why subjects continue to engage in certain behaviors despite them no longer being palatable or enjoyable, such as in drug addiction, and could provide the basis for more effective treatments of addiction. Introduction: Food palatability refers to an organism s subjective experience of food and can be either positive or aversive. As a result, this is generally associated with reward liking. The reward value attributed to obtaining different foods plays a role in determining an organism s actions, and is thus referred to as reward wanting. These liking and wanting pathways were previously thought to be processed by similar, linked, neural structures including the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum and were thought to go hand in hand (Smith Berridge, 2007). However, many researchers now suggests otherwise. Studies still indicate that the nucleus accumbens shellShow MoreRelatedBrand Preference of Gym Enthusiasts on Energy Drink Products14209 Words   |  57 Pagesreveals that Apple has relatively high strong brand equity and brand identity than Samsung. According Aaker (1991, p. 270) a strong brand build on the four component of brand equity and they provide value to the customer b y enhancing satisfaction and confidence in purchase decision and also provide value to the firm by enhancing competitive advantage ,price (margin). Students of Malardalen Hogskolan choose Smartphone on the basis of its brand. The brand loyalty is high among Apple users; hence appleRead MorePurpose of Evaluating Customer Service Policies26269 Words   |  106 Pagesfor giving us the permission to reprint some of the pictures and /or providing us with information for completing the curriculum support package: The Association of National Tourist Office Representatives in Hong Kong, ANTOR (HK) Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department ii Introduction to Hospitality Introduction A set of curriculum support package of tourism and hospitality learning and teaching materials is being developed by the Personal, Social and HumanitiesRead MorePurpose of Evaluating Customer Service Policies26276 Words   |  106 Pagesfor giving us the permission to reprint some of the pictures and /or providing us with information for completing the curriculum support package: The Association of National Tourist Office Representatives in Hong Kong, ANTOR (HK) Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department ii Introduction to Hospitality Introduction A set of curriculum support package of tourism and hospitality learning and teaching materials is being developed by the Personal, Social and Humanities Education

Competences and Human Resources Empowerment in a Market Driven Company Free Essay Example, 4250 words

The second approach to HR strategy is based on reward-effort exchange system on the nature of it and the degree which implies the view of managers on human resource management and an asset as compared to the variable cost. High performance via workers is also underscored when technological advancement and other issues are available to most firms. This sum of people s expertise and knowledge and also social relationships has the potential to give non-alternative capacities that are a basis of competitive advantage. The different perspectives are part of competitive advantage. This mobilization of the consent of employees via strategies learning and competitive advantage is vital for any firm. The workplace learning is also important and this model must be examined in detail. The organizations performing on resource-based models have differentiated that enables them to take over their competitors. The continued competitive advantage with the added emphasis is accomplished not via ext ernal market analysis of the firm but also via meticulous capabilities and skills analysis by which such characteristics are enhanced that competitors mostly copy. The SWOT analysis is based on exploiting the strengths internally and also neutralizing the weaknesses posed internally. We will write a custom essay sample on Competences and Human Resources Empowerment in a Market Driven Company or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The resource-based approach also exploits the differentiated competencies of work organization and is divided into tangible (technological, physical, human, and financial) and also intangible resources (reputation, brand-name, and know-how) resources. These competencies must be valuable and unique. By capacities, we mean the collective skills by the firm to organize the coordination of resources and also the comprehension which drives a distinctive competency. The integrative model combines the Control-based model and Resource-based Model into an integrative model. One model concentrates on the strategy relying on the managerial control and the other one on efforts for rewards and exchange.

The War And Plato s Symposium, And The Man Discussed

In two very different works we see two equally different portrayals of the same man; these differences are informed by the author’s purpose, the genre of the work, and the effects of the depiction upon the rest of the specific work. These works are of course Thucydides’, The History of the Peloponnesian War and Plato’s Symposium, and the man discussed is the Athenian giant, Alcibiades of the Alcmaeonidae. The authors, of course, have their own aims and reasons for writing their works, Plato, writing an allegory on love likely to defend his teacher Socrates, and Thucydides, to inform on what he believes to be the most significant war in history. The genres of the works being philosophy and history respectively also affects the rhetoric of Alcibiades’ speech; as well as his greater portrayals in the works. It is important to note the differences in the depictions as they are significant not only to understanding the literary merit of the works, but also furt hering the knowledge with respect to the author’s motives and the state of higher opinion on a maverick of a man in the late 5th and early 4th Centuries BC in Athens. The first significant variance one must note between the author’s works is the rhetoric and aims of the speeches Alcibiades makes in the two works. In Plato’s Symposium all the major characters are at a dinner party and are giving speeches about eros, the Greek concept of love, and there is quite an awkward relationship squabble occurring between Socrates andShow MoreRelated Exploring Love in Shakespeare’s Sonnets Essay4114 Words   |  17 PagesIn Plato’s Symposium, the discussion on the nature of love between Socrates and his companions in the house of Agathon clearly discerns key ideas that Shakespeare uses in the sonnets. Beauty, youth, and love are all topics of discussion in the conversations, and Plato’s ideas show up again and again when the sonnets are explored. In Symposium, Aristophanes gives a detailed description of a time when humans were not in their present physical form (Plato 353). His tale posits that the original formRead MoreDr. Einstein And Sigmund Freud Essay1852 Words   |  8 Pagesshared between Einstein and Freud discussed the psychoanalytical aspect of war and how human character, flaw and greed affect the causes and effects of war. Einstein reached out to Freud after the First World War, as requested to do so by the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC), to discuss what he called a subject â€Å"calculated to serve the common interest of the League of Nations and of intellectual life.† His central argument surrounds wars between nations, international affairsRead MoreThe Evil of Politics and the Ethics of Evil10364 Words   |  42 PagesThe Evil of Politics and the Ethics of Evil Author(s): Hans J. Morgenthau Source: Ethics, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Oct., 1945), pp. 1-18 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2988705 Accessed: 21/09/2010 06:43 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained priorRead MoreEssay on the Role of Women in Ancient Greece14417 Words   |  58 Pagesthose holding political power.† See Ticchi and Vindigni (2003) for a model of endogenous constitutions, and Aghion et al. (2004) on endogenous political institutions. 8 Sparta was very democratic—for its citizens—by the standards of the time. As discussed later in this paper, all Spartan men went through the same educational system, spent adulthood as full-time soldiers, ate in military mess halls, owned estates in Messenia, and were expected to marry and have children. Indeed, the Spartans referredRead MoreMultiple Intelligences Seminar and Workshop14464 Words   |  58 Pagesteachers and school administrators. In addition to writing many more books and articles on multiple intelligences theory, Gardner has served as a consultant to a variety of school districts. The multiple intelligences movement now includes publishers, symposiums, Web sites, how-to manuals, educational consultants who consider themselves M.I. specialists, as well as a number of critics. Howard Gardner and others have revised and expanded the theory Howard Gardner, formulator of the theory, continues

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 2047 Words

Stop Marijuana Legalization Jared Shaheen Keiser University Abstract The number of people that are using marijuana is rising at an alarming rate; legalizing marijuana will only make it higher. We try to teach our children to say no to drugs, yet everywhere we turn there are signs and newscasts telling people that they want marijuana to be legalized. The last elections were more focused on pushing for marijuana to be legalized than they were on voting for state officials and a governor. While most people are focused on legalization for medical purposes, others are looking to vote in recreational marijuana use. Somewhere along the line the main focus changed; people are trying to legalize marijuana for the wrong reasons. Even if it†¦show more content†¦Teenagers and young adults tend to try marijuana because of peer pressure. They want to fit in, so they go along with what their friends in high school or college are doing and they experiment with drugs. Adults on the other hand, will most likely not experiment with drugs because they are addicted and are now feeding their habit. The use of marijuana may start off as a choice where the person is just experimenting with drugs, but because marijuana is a gateway drug, it will only lead to addiction and the need for stronger drugs down the line, such as cocaine and heroin. Legalization of marijuana for anything other than medical reasons is a very controversial subject; marijuana is a gateway drug that could lead to may unforeseen consequences. Addiction, health problems, and higher crime rates are just a few consequences that would be affected if marijuana was legalized. People do not look at the fact that marijuana like any other drug, when used for long periods of time will eventually cause their bodies to be immune to the drug. Once the marijuana stops giving them any type of pleasurable feeling they will then turn to stronger drugs to get the feeling that they want to have from the drug. â€Å"If marijuana is smoked in large doses for an extended period of time it can be physically addictive; it can also cause a mild psychological addiction† (Abadinsky, 2011). Children start in elementary school

Information and Communication Technology Standard

Question: Discuss about the Information and Communication Technology Standard. Answer: Introduction: AS-8015 is an Australian standard that would be utilized during the internship which has been defined for the corporate governance of information and communication technology (ICT). The standard would be applicable as there are a number of different components and entities that would be involved associated with ICT. These entities will also interact with each other and exchange information and it would be necessary to monitor and manage the same. AS-8015 provides the guidelines and mechanisms to perform the same which would be utilized during various activities carried out during the internship. The application of the standard would be carried out in the form of various principles on which A8015 is based upon which include the establishment of well defined responsibilities, design and planning of ICT in such a manner that it would support the organization in the best possible manner, gain the validity in terms of ICT, ensure that the performance of ICT is not compromised at any level , adherence to the rules and regulations that are applicable and human factors are respected and considered at all times. AS8015 would make sure that the governance is applied accurately and would also make the tasks of the senior management and administrative units much easier. AS-8015 has not been defined for a specific domain under ICT and therefore it would be easier to apply the standard in the project during the internship to make sure that the project activities are executed and managed accurately and adhere to the defined guidelines as well (Wibowo, 2008). References Wibowo, A. (2008). Australian Standard 8015 : 2005. [online] Available at: https://itgov.cs.ui.ac.id/itgov/AS-8015%202008.pdf [Accessed 23 Nov. 2016].

Demutualization and Stock Market Efficiency a Study on Asian Economies free essay sample

Ownership is somewhat open (WFE Survey, 2005). IOSCO (2000) defines demutualization as the transformation of an exchange into a for-profit shareholder-owned company. The pace of exchange demutualization in developed market jurisdictions has been quite rapid. In the fifteen years since the first exchange demutualization took place in 1993 in Stockholm, Switzerland, 21 exchanges in developed market jurisdictions have demutualised – representing almost 40% of the membership of the World Federation of Exchanges (WEF, 2003). In contrast, the pace of demutualization in emerging market jurisdictions has been relatively slower. Available literature found that a demutualized exchange can borrow from conventional lenders such as banks. Whereas mutualized stock exchanges have to look up to their guarantor for finances (Ahmed at al,, 2011). To borrow from a bank, stock exchanges have to improve their financial policies in order to increase the credibility of the exchange which enhances the corporate governance. In addition to the advantages discussed above, access to human capital is also an important outcome of demutualization. We will write a custom essay sample on Demutualization and Stock Market Efficiency a Study on Asian Economies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Good governance and access to economic capital assist exchanges to attract better qualified human resource (Faina and Lopez, 2006). These professionals will help to take better decisions. Better management would also increase the efficacy of the exchange by introducing better practices and policies (LSE, 2007). Demutualization would also enhance the profit motive for growth and development. After demutualization exchanges have to earn their own bread and butter. 2. Motivation and Contribution In Bangladesh, Stock indices are directed by the elected body of stock brokers where conflict of interest happens (Alam, 2012). There is very poor corporate governance in the Stock Indices that is an important reason of recent debacle of stock market (Ibrahim, 2011). As stock dealers and brokers are familiar as institutional investors and play a big rule in the capital market mechanism, they should be regulated properly. In Bangladesh, DSE conduct inspection on brokerage houses and DSE is also run by a selected committee of brokerage house, so one cannot expect proper judgment from the DSE. Study found that by the all the top investors are brokerage houses who are mainly monitored by DSE that creates many conflicts of interests. So, if brokerage houses make any big irregularity, DSE is supposed to hide it as it a member of DSE. In 2010, many positive factors along with regulatory supports (SEC, DSE) inflated the market and finally caused big losses for general investors. In case of irregularities (serial Trading, price manipulation) by brokerage houses/members, DSE had failed to make any proper investigation and also failed to inform it to SEC for regulatory actions and favored members (Alam,2012). In case of price bidding under book-building method, some members (associated to underwriter of the company) quoted very high and irrational price and DSE listed the securities of these companies without asking any question that rises about the transparency of the listing methods. Without stock exchange demutualization such conflict of interests could not be avoided. Inspired and motivated by the above mentioned reasons of inefficient state of stock market, this proposed research will be taken to assess the efficacy of two selected demutualized stock market- Bombay Stock Market and Australian Stock Market- by different Quantitative and Qualitative Methods of impact assessment in order to put some policy recommendation for the smooth transition of demutualization in Bangladesh. This research is expected to contribute both the heretical and empirical knowledge to the policy makers, investors , financial institutions , market makers to Bangladesh and to other countries who are about to demutualize their market. 3. Research Methodology The proposed research will use ve used secondary data (1997-20012) in the majority of cases from research papers and economic journals alongside with data from internet websites. For analyzing stock prices the daily stock price statistics from different international data bases like ISC, IOSCO, WEF, WORLD BANK, AND IMF. For evaluating operating performance, reports and data from the official web-sites of the sample stock exchanges will be collected. In addition, data provided by World Federation of Exchanges on their web-site www. worldexchanges. org/statistics. Methods that we used in our paper to analyze the operating and market performance are descriptive statistics for evaluating the post listing share price performance and the financial ratio analysis using the accounting data to evaluate stock exchanges market performance as well as their risk and return relationships profile. 4. Proposed Research Snapshot Abstract| Chapter One:Introduction| Problem Statement Objectives of the StudyResearch Methodology Variable IdentificationConstructing HypothesisData SourcesResearch Contribution| Chapter Two : Literature Review| Conceptual

Superbowl Commercials Essays - Advertising, Marketing,

Superbowl Commercials Super Bowl advertising: What really works? Introduction. 1. Introduction. Once a year almost the entire U.S. population sits down to watch the same program, the Super Bowl. But they are also watching scores of brand new commercials. The commercials they are watching are produced by the best and the brightest in the business using immense amounts of money. At a record average of $2.2 million dollars per 30-second spot, 25 percent more than 1999 commercial spots, each commercial is very special or at least should be.( ) Research shows that Super bowl commercials are recalled at more than double the rate of commercials run during normal prime time programming. ( ) And with 58 commercials scheduled, it's important to be special, creative, and original. It would be a colossal waste of money, after all, if viewers turned sponsors' shill time into opportunities for refrigerator runs and bathroom breaks. The Superbowl ads cost $165 million dollars to make and then display. ( ) ABC estimated 130,745,000 people watched the game, making it the fifth-biggest audience for any TV telecast. 1999's Super bowl game, broadcast by Fox, was watched by 127.5 million. ( ) Commercials aired during the Super Bowl can generate almost as much attention as the football itself. If the game fails to be comparative early on, there can be significant fall off in viewers. Advertisers whose commercials air in the fourth quarter of a lopsided game can take as much of beating as the losing team. The reverse also can be true, however. If the game is close, no one will be going anywhere and more people will view the commercials. Purpose for the study. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not it is financially feasible for Super Bowl advertisers to pay high cost commercials spots shown during the prime time. The Super Bowl telecast typically attracts the biggest TV audience of the year and it has become a showcase for advertising as well, allowing the network that carries it to charge seemingly endlessly escalating prices. To millions of people, half the fun of watching the Super Bowl is the commercials. But do people really pay attention to what is advertised or do they just watch the commercials to find out if they are funny? The study will focus on audience's retention, and advertising effectiveness. This study will be a valuable tool for companies that wish to advertise during future Super bowl events. Advertising companies can utilize this study to evaluate the effectiveness upon the audience. II. Methodology. People can forget advertising very rapidly. So we will wait a week or two before checking to see if commercials are still having a measurable effect on them. When we contact them we want to use something that gets through to virtually everybody, everywhere, on the first try. With today's busy lifestyles, voice mail and answering machines, the telephone will not be the method of choice. We will do this type of ad tracking by reaching all types of people everywhere, and we wanted the number who decline to participate to be as small as possible. We will accomplish all these objectives by mailing questionnaires to a nationwide sample drawn from all households for which an address is available from either an auto registration or a telephone listing, six days after the Super Bowl. First: How many noticed the commercials? Recognition provides the best measure of intrusiveness because it is the most accurate, complete and reliable measure of the number that noticed the commercial. It separates the people who noticed a commercial from those who ignored it, or were never exposed to it, so we can see if it had any effect on them. It shows if the communication process had a chance to start. We will also look at a key measure of the information communicated by the commercials. How many remembered who they were for? Some commercials for jeans and credit cards did an excellent job getting noticed but not in getting the name across. Second: How many were affected by the commercials they noticed? The previous measures only show if the commercial had a chance to affect people. To find out if it actually did, two types of measures will be used -- likability and diagnostics. However, if people