Review of “Decision Threshold Control Method for the Optical Receiver of a WDM-PON”

Review of â€Å" Decision Threshold Control Method for the Optical Receiver of a WDM-PON † Introduction In order to get by with theexplosive growing of informations communications, the wavelength division multiplexing inactive optical web ( WDM-PON ) has been extensively investigated as one of the cardinal engineerings for next-generation entree web. This critical reappraisal examines an article that proposes a simple method to better the receiving system public presentation for the WDM-PON based on a wavelength-locked Fabry–Perot optical maser rectifying tube ( F-P LD ) with an injected spectrum-sliced amplified self-generated emanation ( ASE ) visible radiation. The article, â€Å"Decision Threshold Control Method for the Optical Receiver of a WDM-PON, † foremost proposed and demonstrated a simple determination control method to set the determination threshold linearly harmonizing to the detected mean power. The writers successfully demonstrated the receiving system public presentation betterment at 1.25 Gb/s transmittal in back-to-back system with the proposed method. Drumhead First, the writers illustrated the noise features of the wavelength-locked F-P LD with simulation consequences. Since the spectrum-sliced injected ASE induces an ASE-ASE whipping noise, the ‘1 ‘ degree noise is much larger than the noise in ‘0 ‘ degree. Therefore, the optimal determination threshold degree lessenings with increasing norm received power and seting the determination threshold linearly with standard power could better the receiving system public presentation. Then the writers demonstrated the determination threshold control circuit, which consists of a conventional receiving system portion, a power monitoring portion and a determination threshold control portion. Harmonizing to the simulation consequences, the determination threshold of the proposed method is a liner estimate of the optimum determination threshold for the worst instance. Third, the writers compared the receiving system public presentation with the optimum determination threshold for the worst-case, the determination threshold with the proposed determination control circuit and the determination threshold in the centre of ‘1’ degree and ‘0’ degree without determination control through simulation and experiment. As seen in the simulation and experimental consequences, the determination control circuit could better the receiving system public presentation dramatically and eliminated the mistake floor in the conventional receiving system. Furthermore, the writers simulated the optimum determination threshold as a map of extinction ratio ( ER ) relative strength noise ( RIN ) . The consequences shows that the ( 1 ) with fixed RIN ( -111 dB/Hz ) optimum determination threshold addition as the ER lessenings due to the decreased ‘1’ degree and ( 2 ) with the fixed ER ( 10 dubnium ) optimum determination threshold decreases with the increasing RIN due to the increased whipping noise. Furthermore, the writers measured the power punishment as a map of the signal conditions ( ER and RIN ) compared with the mention signal status ( 10-dB ER and -111dB/Hz RIN ) at 10-10BER by simulation and experiment. The consequences indicates that with a power punishment less than 1 dubnium, the proposed receiving system could run when the RIN & A ; lt ; -109 dB/Hz and ER & A ; gt ; 8.7 dubnium for 1.25-Gb/s transmittal. Then the writers demonstrated the proposed method in WDM-PON application through the transmittal of five channels over 20-km standard single-mode fibre ( SSMF ) . Unlike the conventional receiving system, with the determination threshold control circuit all of these five channels exhibit error-free transmittal. And the sensitiveness difference between five channels is less than 0.8 dubnium. Finally, the writers besides simulated the optimum determination threshold and the power punishment as a map of ER/RIN for 10-Gb/s transmittal with the premise that the RIN could be reduced every bit low as -120 dB/Hz through noise suppression. Reviews Strengths: ( 1 ) Compared with the old determination control method [ 1 ] – [ 2 ] , the proposed determination control method is more simple and cost-efficient for WDM-PON applications. In the proposed method, the receiving system merely consists of three parts: a conventional receiving system, a power proctor and a determination threshold accountant. The conventional receiving system is composed of a PIN photodiode, a transimpedance amplifier ( TIA ) , a restricting amplifier ( LA ) , and clock and informations recovery ( CDR ) . A opposition ( R ) is operated as the power proctor. And the determination threshold accountant comprises an adder, a dc electromotive force control circuit ( VC ) , an electrical linear amplifier ( K ) , and a low-pass filter ( LPF ) . On the contrary, the old determination control methods [ 1 ] – [ 2 ] based monitoring oculus gap or information correlativity. Thus the old methods require digital processing faculty, precise addition and stage matching, which increases the receiving system complexness and cost. Based on the merely receiving system, the writers successfully eliminated the mistake floor in conventional receiving system for 1.25-Gb/s transmittal over 20-km SSMF. ( 2 ) This proposed determination control method is robust to temperature discrepancy. The writers measured the BER curves of 1.25-Gb/s transmittal over 20-km SSMF for the worst instance ( the injection wavelength aligned at the centre of two neighborhood F-P LD lasing wavelength, highest RIN ) at 45 oC and the best instance ( the injection wavelength aligned to an F-P LD lasing wavelength, lowest RIN ) at 48OC. Fig. 5 in this paper shows that with the proposed determination method the sensitiveness difference between the worst instance and best instance is less than 0.6 dubnium for BER & A ; gt ; 10-13. Since temperature could bring on wavelength impetus of the F-P LD and changes the whipping noise distribution [ 3 ] , this proposed determination control method could extenuate the temperature induced power punishment [ 4 ] . ( 3 ) Since proposed method is executable for a broad signal conditions, the proposed determination control method is practical. The writers demonstrated the power punishment as a map of ER and RIN for BER bing 10-10in Fig. 7. With a power punishment less than 1 dubnium, the proposed receiving system could run when the RIN & A ; lt ; -109 dB/Hz and ER & A ; gt ; 8.7 dubnium for 1.25-Gb/s transmittal. After 20-km transmittal the RIN and ER of signal merely changes to -110.8 and 9.7 dubnium, severally. Therefore after 20-km transmittal, the power punishment is less than 0.3 dubniums compared with the back-to-back system. In practical execution, the proposed determination threshold method is working under a fixed electromotive force mention ( VReferee) of expected power degree to foretell the threshold degree and the input power depends on variable length SSMF. However, due to the border of signal conditions as confirmed in this paper, the proposed determination threshold control method could run in practical applications. ( 4 ) The writers confirmed the feasibleness of proposed determination threshold control circuit in WDM-PON applications through the 51.25-Gb/s transmittal, which has 100-GHz channel spacing, over 20-km SSMF. In the conventional receiving system there exists an mistake floor ( BER & A ; gt ; 10-7) ; on the contrary, these five channels with proposed receiving system could convey with BER lower than 10-14. The sensitiveness difference of these five channels is less than 0.8 dubnium. Failing: ( 1 ) The writers illustrated the feasibleness of the proposed method in high informations rate ( 10 Gb/s ) transmittal through simulation in Fig. 9 and 10. In this simulation, the writers assume the RIN could be suppressed every bit low as -120 dB/Hz by infixing an extra F-P LD [ 5 ] . In [ 5 ] , the suppression of the strength noise achieved by an extra concentrated F-P-LD [ 5 ] is similar as the noise suppression through the nonlinearities of a concentrated SOA [ 6 ] . The concentrated F-P LD induced a correlativity between different frequence constituents and the strength is good suppressed [ 6 ] .Therefore, the optical filtering and scattering could deteriorate this noise suppression due to the stage decorrelation [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] . Although utilizing the saturated F-P LD the RIN could be suppressed lower than -117.5 dB/Hz over 10-km SSMF [ 5 ] , the RIN would be deteriorated and be higher than -117 dB/Hz with the increasing transmittal distance. Furthermore, in [ 5 ] as the F- P LD operates in impregnation part, the ER of signal could be reduced from 12 dubnium to 8 dubnium for 2.5-Gb/s transmittal while the F-P LD injection power is -18 dBm. Therefore even after this noise suppression, the signal status of the 10-Gb/s transmittal is still a challenge for the determination threshold control method. Therefore in order to show the feasibleness of proposed determination control method, it is necessary to look into the 10-Gb/s transmittal public presentation by experiment. As the noise stamp downing method in [ 5 ] are sensitive to optical filtering and scattering and decreases the signal ER, we could seek to use other noise suppression method such as optical pre-filter [ 8 ] , reciprocally injected F-P LDs [ 9 ] or ultra-narrow injected ASE [ 10 ] . ( 2 ) In Fig. 8 the channel spacing of channels is 100 GHz. In the system utilizing spectrum-sliced light beginning, the signal–crosstalk round noise is dramatically reduced compared with the conventional optical maser beginning due the broad set of spectrum-sliced light beginning [ 11 ] . Thus it is possible to convey 2.5-Gb/s informations in multiple channels with 50-GHz channel spacing. 50-GHz channel spacing could duplicate the system capacity. Furthermore, as the transmittal distance additions, the increasing scattering non merely induces the inter-symbol intervention but deteriorates the noise suppression dramatically every bit good. Thus narrower spectrum-sliced visible radiation beginning could has a stronger robust to dispersion [ 10 ] . Although narrower channel spacing would deteriorate the system public presentation with intra-channel XT, we could unite with the determination threshold control circuit with the forward mistake rectification ( FEC ) codification whic h could loosen up the BER threshold to[ 12 ] . Decision This paper proposed a practical and effectual determination control method to better the receiving system public presentation. The writers demonstrated that this determination control circuit has a strong robust to temperature fluctuation and signal status devolution ( including ER decrease and RIN increasing ) . In add-on to these virtues, we could widen this undertaking by ( 1 ) Uniting the proposed threshold control method with appropriate noise-suppression method for 10-Gb/s transmittal in experiment ( 2 ) combing proposed method with FEC to convey 2.5-Gb/s signals in channels with 50-GH/z channel spacing. Mention: [ 1 ] Y. Matsumoto, T. Kuriyama, D. Inami, and M. Ohta, â€Å" An adaptative determination threshold control of the optical receiving system for multigigabit tellurian DWDM transmittal system s, † inOpticalFiber Communication Conf. and the Nat. Fiber Ocular Engineers Conf. , Anaheim, CA, 2001, paper TuR2. [ 2 ] M. Kawai, H. Watanabe, T. Ohtsuka, and K. Yamaguchi, â€Å"Smart optical receiving system with automatic determination threshold scene and retiming stage alliance, †IEEEJ. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 1634–1640, Nov. 1989. [ 3 ] H.-D. Kim, S.-G. Kang, and C.-H. Lee, â€Å"A low-cost WDM beginning with an ASE injected Fabry-Perot semiconducting material optical maser, †IEEEPhoton. Technol. Lett. , vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1067–1069, Aug. 2000. [ 4 ] A. A. Al-Orainy and J. J. O’Reilly, â€Å"Optimized threshold scene for public presentation sweetening of spectrum sliced WDM systems, † in LEOS ’95.IEEE Lasers Electro-Optics Soc. 1995 Annu. Meeting. 8th Annu. Meeting. Conf. Proc. , San Francisco, CA, USA, 1995, vol. 2, pp. 63–64. [ 5 ] J.-S. Jeong and C.-H. Lee, â€Å"Optical noise suppression techniques for wavelength-locked Fabry-Perot optical maser rectifying tube, † in Proc. of the fifteenth Asia-Pacific Conf. on Communications, Shanghai, China, 2009, paper 142. [ 6 ] H. Kim, S. Kim, S. Hwang, and Y. Oh, â€Å"Impact of scattering, PMD, and PDL on the public presentation of spectrum-sliced incoherent visible radiation beginnings utilizing gain-saturated semiconducting material optical amplifiers, †IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 24, no.2, pp: 775-784, 2006. [ 7 ] S. Kim, J. Han, J. Lee, and C. Park, â€Å"Intensity noise suppression in spectrum-sliced incoherent light communications systems utilizing a addition concentrated semiconducting material optical amplifier, †I [ EEE Photon. Technol. Lett. , vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1042–1044, Aug. 1999. [ 8 ] K.-Y. Park, J.-S. Baik, T.-W. Oh, and C.-H. Lee, â€Å" Intensity noise suppression and 1.25 Gb/s transmittal utilizing a wave-length locked Fabry-Perot optical maser rectifying tube with filtered ASE injection, †Optoelectronics and Communication Conferencepp.200-201, 2004. [ 9 ] S.-H. Yoo, J.-Y. Kim, B.-Il Seo, and C.-H. Lee, â€Å" Noise-suppressed reciprocally injected Fabry-Perot optical maser rectifying tubes for 10-Gb/s broadcast signal transmittal in WDM inactive optical webs, † Optics Express, Vol. 21, Issue 5, pp. 6538-6546, 2013. [ 10 ] Z. Al-Qazwini and H. Kim, â€Å"Ultra-narrow spectrum-sliced incoherent visible radiation beginning for 10-Gb/s WDM PON, †IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 30, no. 19, pp: 3157–3163, 2012. [ 11 ] Y. S. Jang, C. H. Lee, and Y. C. Chung, â€Å"Effects of XT in WDM systems utilizing spectrum-sliced visible radiation beginnings, † IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. , vol. 11, no. 6, pp.715–717, Jun. 1999. [ 12 ] 2004ITU-T G.975.1, Forward mistake rectification for high bit-rate DWDM pigboat systems, 2004.

Comparison of the Odyssey and O Brother, Where Art Thou?>

Platt Pre AP English 9 5/9/2012 O Brother, This is Not Even Close To the Odyssey Everyone loves to immerse themselves into a dramatic and extraordinary story with evil monsters, brave hero's, and the desperate will to survive. It allows you to escape your troubles and take you to a new and exiting please with each and every second. However, there are some stories that simply do not capture the essence of breathtaking adventure. The movie O Brother, Where Art Thou? created by the comedic team of Ethan and Joel Coen, simply does not capture the perplexing classic story.O Brother, Where Art Thou? Is the big screen remake of Homer's epic poem, â€Å"The Odyssey†. This original story is about the adventure of Odysseus as he escapes his seven year imprisonment from the goddess Calypso. This Epic hero battles numerous monsters on his desperate attempt to return home to his wife Penelope, whom he meets again in a heartfelt reuniting. However, in the re-make film, a man named Ulysseus is a prison escapee that is desperate to keep his wife, Penny, from marrying another man, lying and cheating his way to reach his goal.The Coen brothers have created such a disappointing excuse for capturing a real hero and his adventures to be reunited with his true love. It is near idiotic. The story is so foggy and distracted by the unneeded details, and it abandons the true meaning of the heartwarming story. When a person imagines the heartfelt reuniting of a husband and wife after being separated for seven painstakingly long years, you dream of the relief and joy of the meeting. The story of â€Å"Penelope† in â€Å"The Odyssey† by Homer reflects this idea exquisitely. The Coen brother's O Brother, Where Art Thou?Has a somewhat similar take on the story of Penelope. No matter the specific and thoroughly shown facts that the epic poem is much greater than the comedic film. The wife of Odysseus in the epic poem is named Penelope, and extremely similar to the name of Ulysseus's wife, Penny. In the movie, they were separated by the federal imprisonment of Everett Ulysseus, and the time it took to return back home. Also similar, the original hero Odysseus was kept from his wife Penelope by his imprisoner Calypso for many years, and the additional years of fighting for his life to return home to her.Also, in the poem, Odysseus was in his hometown while he saw his wife for the first time after all of those years. So was the place that Ulysseus was reunited with Penny in the film. There are few similarities between the film and the epic poem, but it is still believable that the similarities can not be compared to the shining differences. The poem is such an inspirational and heartfelt spectacle, it makes the film appear unimportant and no deep emotion involved with it. There are extremely few similarities, but there are certainly no shortage of differences between these two stories.Penelope is such a heartwarming, in depth part of the poem where ody sseus meets his wife once again. That is how it takes place in the epic poem anyway. In the film, it is the short, awkward moment of Ulysseus and his wife meeting again, to find out that Penny has completely and totally moved on. Also, Odysseus, in the poem, was disguised as a beggar, and his wife Penelope, had no idea who he really was. She tells him of the whole in her heart ever since her love disappeared, and he knowingly reassured her that her love would return.However, in the film, Ulysseus angrily approached Penny and demanded why she would ever lie to their children about his death. Penny went on to describe about how she had not missed him one bit. A complete and utter opposite of how the poem's Penelope had felt. In â€Å"The Odyssey† Penelope had many, many suitors that she would never accept for marriage. They ate her out of house and home, practically destroyed her life, only making her want Odysseus even more. All too differently, in the film, Penny had but one suitor, who she was set to marry that weekend, with no remorse.Ulysseus didn’t even disguise himself to her. This entire reenactment was both rude and uncaring. It showed no relief in the fact the hero of the story survived and was so heroic that he beat the odds. Indeed, it was very disappointing of a story. Most movies have a change to a story to emphasize or make it clearer to the viewers. However, it is clearly disappointing when the changes to the story are unnecessary. Everyone has heard of the saying â€Å"the book was better than the movie. † This is the case for the film translation of â€Å"The Odyssey†.The scene of Penelope is once of those specific scenes where it would be more reasonable to make it more similar to the original. However, it did work for a more comedic plot line. It exemplified crude humor and a lack of true deep emotions. It is exactly what the Coen brothers think when it comes to movie creating. Even though the changes are completel y pointless, it adds a somewhat depth to the all-around immature story. But it also creates this unloving relationship between the hero and his love.This relationship is full of jealousy and unneeded feuding. It may do something for the movie, yet it is simply not enough to make it enjoyable. When a person sits down with a good book or a bowl of popcorn waiting for a movie, it is assumed that there will be a thrilling, capturing story. Unfortunately, the film, O Brother, Where Art Thou? , directed by the team of brothers, Ethan and Joel Coen, is not one such story as determined by the disappointing and idiotic differences to the original epic poem â€Å"The Odyssey†.The differences in the two were blaringly overwhelming in comparison to the similarities. In this case, the differences did not help in rewriting this incredible tale of â€Å"The Odyssey†. Even in the most deep, beautiful scenes such as Penelope, there was a distinct failure by the creators of the film. Pe nelope called for such romance and heart-lifting emotion, the crude joke of it was almost criminal. Even if the film was taken in a more serious direction, it would have only scraped the surface of such a beautiful epic poem.

Handling Discipline in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Handling Discipline in Organizations - Essay Example Moreover, it is always best to follow the best practices which will play a fundamental role at inculcating the correct spirit within the employees, tell them what exactly is asked of them and what they need to deliver within the specified time periods. The best practice in handling disciplinary matters within organizations is derived from the basis of following the dictum which is followed within the organization as well as the industries which are very closely related with this organization in essence. What this means is that the similar organizations adopt procedures and standards which are enforceable and which have a long-term shelf value. In other words, there is a sense of forthrightness within the organizations when these work hand in hand with the policy debates that are making the relevant rounds. The best practice regimes indeed form the cornerstone of success and achievement within the realms of an organization that is aimed at delivering the best possible value to its employees and asking for strict promulgation of the same from their domains as well. This indeed is a two-way hierarchy where each party benefits the other, and the combined effect is a wholesome basis which comes directly under the aegis of discipline. These best practice discussions are in accordance with the labor laws which are existent within the world. However, there are local connotations attached to these practices as and when these move from one industry to another. Handling discipline is one of the most significant premises in the modern times because it touches quite a few significant tangents, one such being the manner in which the organizations are playing their due role in instilling promulgation of its laws, rules, and policies – all of which are in line with the best practice regimes followed worldwide. Then there is the discussion of the ACAS – Code of Practice on Discipline which makes sure that any apprehensions which exist within the realms of discipline are taken care of under its aegis.

Publishing and Distribution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Publishing and Distribution - Essay Example In the changing scenerio, libraries and libraraians will have to play a crucial role in handling conventional and electronic resources. Thus the era of electronic publishing has begun affecting producers, distributors, library and Information centres and user community. Kist (1989) defined electronic publishing as "the application by publishers of a computer aided process, by which they find, capture, shape, store, and update information content in order to disseminate it to a chosen audience" (p. 600 ). Kist pointed out that this definition makes no distinction between the manufacturing process and the disseminating process. Less than a decade ago the term electronic publishing identified an activity that is now referred to as desktop publishing, in which information is stored and formatted electronically, but manufactured and distributed by traditional paper-based methods. Kist claimed that the term electronic publishing (which can include any single aspect digital storage, manufacture, or transmission of a publication) is now so broad that it is usually meaningless. Brownrigg and Lynch (1985) took a very different approach to defining an electronic publication. Their insightful article began by making a clear distinction between electronic produ ction and distribution of information. The authors distinguished between what they called Newtonian (Gutenberg/paper-based) publishing and quantum-mechanical (electronically transmitted) publishing. They concluded that much of what is currently labeled electronic publishing is actually traditional Gutenberg-style publishing carried out by modern methods. Their thesis was that electronic publishing is a delivery medium: that publication is an action and process rather than an artifact. This idea seems to have some merit. One of the most complete definitions of electronic publishing appears in a popular electronic encyclopedia (Grolier Electronic Publishing, 1995). This wholly electronic publication defines electronic publishing this way "Sometimes used to describe the application of computers to traditional print publishing--from word processing to computerized order processing--the term electronic publishing refers more precisely to the storage and retrieval of information through e lectronic communications media. It can employ a variety of formats and technologies, some already in widespread use by businesses and general consumers, and others still being developed. Electronic publishing technologies can be classified into two general categories: those in which information is stored in a centralized computer source and delivered to the user by a telecommunications system; and those in which the data is digitally stored on a disk or other physically deliverable medium. The former category, including online data base services and videotext, represents the most active area in electronic publishing today". Electronic publishing brings us a host of changes. It increases the speed of communicating, disseminating and digesting knowledge. It provides new means of searching for, finding and analyzing specific information. It reduces the need for additional shelf capacities in libraries. Yes, electronic

Quality1a Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quality1a - Essay Example W. Edwards Deming is an authority of the quality management movement. He came up with the cycle of improvement known as the ‘Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA). Edwards created this cycle to assist organizations to plan protocols through which they can develop quality services in health care. Through PDSA, healthcare organizations will first identify areas that require improvements, and then form plans to better develop these areas. In the ‘do’ phase, the plans are then tested; after which they analyze and interpret performance statistics in the ‘study’ phase. If the changes being enacted lead to improvement, they will then be implemented in the ‘act’ stage. There are other additional foundational frameworks that are addressed in the implementation of QI in different sectors. Each of them function as quantitative parameters for evaluating progress in health related matters such as the decrease in maternal deaths in childbirth, immunization rates, and the number of physicians that are available to serve given numbers of patients.  According to Leischow & Milstein (2006) FOCUS PDCA, API, ISO 9000, Baldrige Criteria, Lean, and Six Sigma, are additional frameworks that are employed in the improvement of healthcare quality. Why do various health care stakeholders define the quality of care differently? Quality is defined in different ways by various healthcare stakeholders. This is due to the fact that health care quality deals with intricate aspects of care from several perspectives. Quality can be measured through the character of the results that are gotten after implementing new outcomes or may be determined through process, in how health care is delivered to patients. Essentially, the definition of quality relies on the person that is describing the quality. Healthcare providers, such as nurses, will have a different definition from healthcare researchers, for instance. On the other hand, government officials working in t he healthcare sector will define quality in a different way from patients who receive the end product of treatment. What are the roles of various clinicians and patients in QI? Stakeholders in the healthcare sector who stand to benefit in different ways from the implementation of quality improvement include medical practitioners, patients, contractors, government official who work in the healthcare sector, and various healthcare organizations. These stakeholders have significant roles in contributing towards the implementation of quality improvement (Lee, 2007). For patients, quality improvement is important because it affects their chances of getting the best treatment.  Medical care providers, on the other hand, care for quality improvement because their tasks and responsibilities will be simplified if processes of improvement are implemented in their facilities. For instance, the implementation of quality processes will allow them to be able to easily monitor the spread of dise ases in the public. The payers like Medicaid and Medicare, on the other hand, make it possible for the medical provider to develop quality by means of incentives that support quality improvement. Healthcare organizations  can contribute towards the development of performance measures and standards that update the processes involved in quality improvemen

Economic Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic Analysis - Research Paper Example of iPad in India, among the various variant of countertrade the company may need to employ the switch trading which refers to the practice where one company sells its products to another company on the condition that it buys other products from another country (Levy, 2009). This is favorable as the Apple Company could hire an iphone application developer from Indian i.e. hire iPad App developer Company. India investment on research and development grew from 0.8% GNP in 2007 to 0.96 in 2010. This has had an impact on the overall improvement in the research sector. The ipad may need to employ buyback which comes about when a company builds a plant in a different country or offers other services like training and provides equipments to that other country and agrees to take a portion of the plant’s yield as a partial payment for the contract (Kelly, 1988). Since independence, India has relied on foreign aid to finance some of its economic developments though it has been trying to be as self reliant as possible. Going back to history, the World Bank in 1958 organized the Aid-to-India syndicate which comprised of the World Bank and thirteen other countries i.e. Australia, Canada, Germany, Italy, France, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and United States, Belgium, Britain and Denmark (Phull, 2007). Conjointly, the European nations have contributed a significant amount of aid to India. In the late 1950’s and 1960’s India received aids from the United States which accounted for 8 percent of all financial aids to India (Phull, 2007). India has a large population size, and the labor force comprises of two extremes from a large number of illiterate workers to a sizeable number of literate workers with professionalism in science, engineering and capable of working anywhere (Mazumda, 2008). Over the last two decades, the number of people in labor force grew by approximately 50 percent, and the unemployment rate has reduced from 8.3 percent to 6 percent from 1983

Compare Contrast 2 Poems A Working Girl Can't Win and Advice to my Son Essay

Compare Contrast 2 Poems A Working Girl Can't Win and Advice to my Son - Essay Example Peter Meinke try to tell in their poems based on their own experiences in â€Å"A Working Girl Can’t Win† and â€Å"Advice to my son†, respectively. More or less, both of them share their perceptions of people and life as assumed unanimously. The only difference in their poems is that Meinke takes a positive approach to life and advice his son to survive the harsh realities of life and live a better one, whereas Garrison discusses about the harsh stereotypes associated with women in their workplaces and daily lives. With the use of diction and imagery, these poems bring forth the harsh realities in life. Garrison emphasizes on the victimized state of women at the hands of the patriarchal and male dominated society. This all point towards gender discriminations which does not allow women to have the stability and sense of belonging in a workplace compared to their male counterpart. Thus, in order to prove their capabilities and intellect, they have to juggle with different identities: a work self and a feminine self (Hippel et al. 156). As these stereotypes prevail, Garrison, by using diction and vivid imagination, narrates the ubiquitous undeserving labels associated with women in workplace and elsewhere. Their chastity is libelled by questioning their status as â€Å"pundits or a slut† (Garrison). ... These men then criticise them for being too soft or strident, too aggressive or not enough. Normally, a few of these attributes portray a confident persona in men, however, this all appears abrasive in women (Rhodes 6). These attributes leave a woman battling for her status alone. But what these women forget is that in struggling they lose themselves forgetting how to live a normal life. Because they are involved in removing the threatening views from the society, their family is the only one who cherishes their endeavours and grieves their absence. The reason behind this is that women are considered as possession by men. They are to yield to men and not vice versa. But what everyone seems to forget is that women used to have a higher status than men in late II century BC (Campbell 6). Matriarchy was indeed very powerful until it crumbled. Where a struggling woman is seen undergoing transgression, Meinke, rather than bringing another reality upfront, shows an optimistic outlook towar ds harsh realities in life. The narrator of the poem advices his son to cherish life no matter the melancholy and gloominess it brings along. In his point of view, hardships are a fact of life and can not be denied. Not only will they come, but there also will be a day when the harbinger of death will arrive with â€Å"the shattered windshield and bursting shell† (Meinke) putting an end to everything earthly. Life is full of miseries and burdens which each individual has to deal with on their own. But as human beings are weak in nature, they crave for more and more ignoring what they already have as Rev. Leroy Allison said, â€Å"We spend too much time living in the ‘what if’ and

Relations between law and states Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Relations between law and states - Essay Example The United States legislature is structured into the federal and state governments. The federal law applies to all the states while the state law applies to a specific state with the US. The  focus  of this study is to discuss the relations between law and states. Apparently, there exists various relations between law and states. For instance, both law and the states are outlined in the constitution. Moreover, the legal procedures followed in making the law are similar to those followed when constituting a state. Therefore, it can be seen  that the law and states are similar structures based on legal constructions (BonafeÌ€, 2009). It is imperative to identify that the US operates under a bicameral legislature that is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. In this regard, the US operates on two levels of government; the federal government and the state governments. The federal government is headed by the president  who  serves the entire US. The state governments are headed by the Governor, who oversee the general operations of a single state. Laws affecting all states are made by a combined force of both Senate and the House of Representatives. In addition, the decision to incorporate a new state in the US governan ce system is made by both houses. For this reason, it can be identified  that both the law and states are united by the roles played by the legislative government organ of the US. The law regulates the daily operations in various states. In essence, the daily operations of states are numerous and diverse. Therefore, there must be a neutral regulating organ to enhance justice and fairness for all. For instance, the law regulates the elections for governors and senators in the states. The eligibility to vie for any political position in a state depends on fulfillment of law provisions regarding elections. In essence, the law is there to protect the rights and freedom of the various groups of people the states and the

Critically evaluate the impact of social media on the business world Essay - 1

Critically evaluate the impact of social media on the business world and our life - Essay Example This has made social media have a great impact on the business world and our individual life. Within the corporate world, social media is gaining popularity where it is being used in regular operations of many companies; this is mainly because it provides a perfect opportunity to take advantage of the world of the mouth, where people are connected on a global scale. Corporate messages on social media channels to reach new customers are conveyed, this is done through broadcast of positive feedback regarding the corporate message and its products. With this message, social media ensure that customers are retained hence building a positive customer loyalty. Additionally, dissatisfied customers are also reached directly within their own social media environment where the company embarks on finding better and more innovative ways of improving the product or service that they offer in the market outside (Bakardjieva and Gaden, 2011). Social media are relatively low-cost channels, which a company can use to market and advertise its products to millions of consumers. A good example is using Facebook a company just need to create a page within it where people shall need to like the page and have information which the company intends them to get in their computers, tablets or even phone. This has seen companies have million likes, which means more people are embracing this platform making the company enjoy cheap advertising platform. Social media also acts as a customer relation management too, mainly for companies which are selling products and services. Brand networking has become a way to capitalize on social trends, which is also a rich marketing tool. A company can maximize its return on marketing dollars by reaching out to potential customers via social media than making reliance on the high cost televised advertisement. Social media also allows a company to listen to a competitor message. Alternatively, this makes the listening company have strategies and

Manifest Destiny and the Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Manifest Destiny and the Civil War - Essay Example By 1787, slavery was recognized in the Constitution (General History of the United Sates Supreme Court, accessed 2011). Slavery was not regulated within States through Congress. Until 1808, only the movement of slaves into States, or between States up to that date, was taxed and hence regulated (US Constitution: Art. I Sec. 9 Para.1). Slavery was, then, accepted as a fact which existed within States, and the federal Government restricted its involvement in the affairs of individual States. States made their own decisions about whether they were â€Å"Free States†, or whether they would allow slavery, and Congress respected those decisions. This meant that as the United States expanded, new States were declared, and in fact could make their own decisions about whether slavery was to be allowed or not. In 1819, Missouri appealed to be included in the Confederation as a slave-owning State. This appeal was met by much resistance from the Northern States – in which Abolition ism was dominant – and the Midwestern States – where economies without slave labor would struggle against the slave-owning State economies. But Missouri entered the Confederation as a slave-owning State in 1819.

Comparing Ulysses Essay Example for Free

Comparing Ulysses Essay Both Ulysses and Macbeth were able to gain power of kingship, but the way they gained the powers are different. In this essay I am going to compare how they regard power, both differently and similarly. I intend to use Heinemann, (1994), version of Macbeth by Shakespeare and the class handout of Ulysses. The main focus of Macbeth will be from Act1 Scene 7, lines 1-28 and Act 2 Scene 1, line 33-61, whilst I will also take account of other related part throughout the play. Since Lord Tennyson and William Shakespeare are from different era in the history, their perspective of the world will be different, therefore I will also mention about Shakespeares and Lord Tennysons different perspective towards power and language they used. Most great writers reflect their attitude to life on their work, so it is important to consider the social and historical background of the Jacobeans- the time when Shakespeare wrote the play, and the Victorian time, when Lord Tennyson was alive. In Victorian times, Britain was a powerful country. There were unlimited opportunities for mainly the upper class people to broaden their knowledge by going to new places and experience the foreign cultures. When Lord Tennyson wrote this poem, he was grieving over his best friends death. By writing this poem he was able to express his emotional feeling as well as to persuade him to let it go. He also had the opportunities to tell people that it is never too late to seek a newer world. For examples, Ulysses new world would be the after life world and Lord Tennysons new world would be the world without his best friend. At the end of Macbeth, the moral we get is that never to cross the line of Divine Order. During Jacobean time, they believed that the duty of the King is chosen by God: They believed that every living organism has an order and it is decided by God, this is call the Divine Order. If one decides to go against the Divine Order, like killing the King to be the monarchy himself then, he had done something that is very morbid during the Jacobeans: going against God. Shakespeare tried show that by the cost of Macbeth have to face after he had murdered the King, one example is that he lost his respects from his courtiers and at the end he was all by himself. Jacobeans were also very superstitious; they believed that witches are evil because they worship demon, so if there was a plague or a natural disaster, they blamed on the witches: they are first put to trials and then was executed, mainly hanged or burned. Because Shakespeare made Macbeth associate with the witches by talking and worse of all trusting them, that made Macbeth evil. Shakespeare did this to please his King, King James, as he was against the supernatural and was able help King James to spread the evilness of the witches through his play. The poem, Ulysses started by a slow rhythm. Lord Tennyson managed this by using the words with long vowels such as, hoard, and sleep, and feed. These words give us the sense of dullness and mundane, which was how Ulysses feels at the beginning. However, as we go further down the poem, the dullness was decrease as he started to talk about his adventurous days.

Captive Marine Animals Vs. Free Living Animals

Captive Marine Animals Vs. Free Living Animals Fie Lissner The pools that holds these glorious creatures can obviously not be compared to the space and water that an Orca can cover. A lot of marine mammals that is in captivity has to live under these premises. â€Å"The Humane Society of the United States believes that these animals should not be taken from the wild simply to entertain and amuse people, for a number of reasons† (Marine mammals in captivity 5/13). The life of the individual marine animal that is not living in the wild has nothing to do with the life it would’ve had if it were to live in the wild. Which is obvious when you think of the way that they’re living; the pools, the water, the ecosystem and basically everything in captivity has nothing on the wildlife that their ancestors had lived with back in time. â€Å"Dolphins are perfectly evolved to live and flourish in their wild ocean home, not within the confines of a human-made concrete tank or artificial lagoon.† (Marine animals in captivity) This quote points out how the animals are able to live an healthy life in the wild. The human race is taking advantage of the wild for our own amusement and there is something deeply wrong in this concept. â€Å"Life for captive whales, dolphins, and other marine mammals is nothing like a life in the ocean. It is almost impossible to maintain a family group in captivity, a tragedy for whales and dolphins. When you see marine mammals in tanks or pools, consider what they have lost in order to entertain us.† (Marine aqua parks). Most of the cons of having marine animals captive claims that we only have them for our entertainment and pure amusement so I see how it would be frustrating for biologist who have these animals for research and schooling purposes as well as for the people who are only trying to help the animal(s) by having them captive. There is of course marine animals living in the wild. The wild is the marine animals natural habitat and can as previously discussed not be compared with the captive life that a lot of marine mammals has. Some of the pros of the marine animals staying in their natural habitat is the obvious such as them growing up in the environment that their ancestors has been living in for decades upon decades. â€Å"Cetaceans eat a variety of fish and invertebrates; some species eat other marine mam There is a a lot of pros and cons of being a marine mammal in captivity as well as in the wild. Some of the pros is longer life expectancies, easier access to research on the given marine animal and the ability to get a better understanding of the marine animal and the animal will in most cases get the care needed. â€Å"Over 90 percent of the American public feels that zoos and aquariums are essential to education, are important to learning about animals† (The debate pro captivity 5/13). This quote tells that the pros of having marine animals in captivity isn’t only essential for some research but it can indeed increase the average students understanding for a certain animal. Reading about an animal can teach you a whole bunch of stuff but seeing the animal in real life can certainly beat any book. There is also a lot of cons to keeping marine animals in captivity. One of which is the fact that orcas or so called killer whales can swim about 100 miles in 24 hours, these creatures can also go deep underwater about 500 ft. to be exact (marine mammals in captivity mals.† (Captive vs. Wild 5/13). The marine animals will be able to find all these natural food sources in the wild and will naturally find their personal hunting technique. There is good and bad to everything and this accounts for the bad things about animals being in the wild as well â€Å"It is easy to see that in their own environments, little prevents such creatures from yielding to their natural impulses, as they should.†(Marvel at wild animals from a distance 5/13) This quote basically says that there isnt going to be a lot holding the animals living in the wild holding them back from potentially hurting each other and in some cases even kill each other. â€Å"Dolphins and other marine mammals are threatened by boat collisions and entrapment† (Commercial Fisher ies and Marine mammal 5/13) this quote supports the claim that one threat to the marine mammals are boats and boat collisions. Some 100.000 animals living in the water gets injured or killed by commercial fishing every year (Commercial Fishing and Marine mammals 5/13). But that is only some of the few risks of being a marine mammal living in the wild. My opinion on this is that having animals in captivity can be a very good thing but it certainly has major flaws which i think we should try and fix. We should only have animals in captivity for educational reasons and not for people’s amusement. â€Å"SeaWorld’s contributions to animal rescue and rehab only amount to .0006 percent of its profits.† (Grist 5/13). What is stated in the quote is why i am so against having animals in captivity. Sea world makes a ton of money every season and for them to only give 0.0006% of their annual income to rehabilitation and rescue of the marine animals is wrong. Just purely wrong. We should not use such amazing creatures for entertainment and not help them. I am very much against having animals of all sorts as well as marine mammals captive the only time it should be considered ‘okay’ to have any kind of animal captive is to rehabilitate them and help them if needed. â€Å"500 orcas, dolphins and other members o f the dolphin family held in captivity in the United States.† (Ten facts about captive orcas and dolphins 5/13). i strongly believe that most of the 500 marine animals being held captive around the U.S does not have a problem or an injury that holds them back from being set back into the wild. Almost every person with a soul is going to agree with my opinion that it is wrong to keep animals captive for our own amusement. â€Å"The more we learn about marine mammals, the more troubling it becomes to keep these complex, intelligent creatures in tanks and pens. It’s time to see the situation from the animals’ point of view and reconsider whether its right to confine them for our amusement†. (Marine mammals in captivity 5/13) It is also very saddening to see these creatures of the wild being held behind bars and knowing that they’re not where they’re supposed to be that they’re not home. But having the animals in captivity can not only hurt them mentally but also physically, the animal in captivity gets put under a whole lot of stress as well as pressure, this can affect all parts of the animal such as the immune system (captivity). Animals should not be held captive. Marine science work citing. â€Å"The Debate Pro-captivity† http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/whales/debate/procap.html â€Å"animals in the wild† http://cfhs.ca/wild/marine_mammals_in_captivity â€Å"Marine mammals in Captivity† http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/captive_marine/facts/marine_captivity.html â€Å"Marin aqua parks† http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/captive_marine/ â€Å"Wild vs. Captive† https://awionline.org/content/wild-vs-captivity â€Å"Marvel at wild animals from a distance† http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/02/25/palmer.killer.whales.captivity/ Commercial Fisheries and Marine Mammals http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/fisheries/facts/fisheries_marine_mammals.html SeaWorld only spends 0.0006 percent of revenue on animal rescue and rehabilitation http://grist.org/list/seaworld-only-spends-0-0006-percent-of-revenue-on-animal-rescue-and-rehabilitation/ Marine animals in captivity. http://www.worldanimalprotection.us.org/our-work/animals-wild/marine-animals-captivity Ten facts about captive orcas and dolphins. http://www.bornfreeusa.org/facts.php?p=2688more=1 Marine mammals in captivity http://www.hsi.org/issues/captive_marine/ Captivity http://us.whales.org/wdc-in-action/captivity

Dynamics of Two Dimensional Projectile Motion

Dynamics of Two Dimensional Projectile Motion Experiment: Study of Projectile Motion SUMMARY Moving an object in a bilaterally symmetrical, parabolic path is called Projectile motion. The path followed by the object is called its trajectory (Boundless, 2014). Some of examples are as follows:- Firstly, projectile is dropping object from rest position; secondly, an object thrown vertically upward is also called projectile in the end, an object which is thrown at an angle upward to the horizontal is also a projectile (providing effect of air resistance is negligible). Furthermore, in projectile object that once projected or dropped remains in motion by its own inertia and is inclined only by the downward force of gravity (Anonymous, 1996). KEY POINTS OF PROJECTILE MOTION: Time of Flight, T: The time of flight depends upon two things that are angle of projection and initial velocity of an object. Moreover, the vertical displacement of an object will be zero when the point of projection and return will be on the same horizontal surface (Boundless, 2014). Symmetry: If the point of projection and return occur along the same horizontal surface means current motion is symmetrical in the vertical plane (Boundless, 2014). Maximum Height, H: When the vertical component of velocity, vy, will be equals to zero shows the maximum height of an object. Projectile goes against gravity as it moves up, so the velocity decelerates likewise velocity accelerates downward under gravity (Boundless, 2014). Range of the Projectile, R: Displacement in the horizontal direction is called range. Acceleration is absent in this direction and the line of range shown when gravity only acts vertically (Boundless, 2014). As shown in this image, range of projectile is independent of the forces of gravity (Boundless, 2014). OBJECTIVES The purpose of this experiment was to analyze the dynamics of two dimensional projectile motion. Moreover, this was done by providing a ball with a horizontal velocity and measuring the time of flight and range. Furthermore, check the systematic errors in the data by comparing the values of vertical and horizontal acceleration. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To follow the two dimensional motion of an object and to determine that the motion can be analyzed by considering the motion in each dimension separately. SECONDARY OBJECTIVE: To check the existing possible systematic errors by comparing the horizontal acceleration with expected value of zero and vertical acceleration with the accepted value for g. THEORY Figure above is showing the experimental setup displaying measured values of initial height, range and time of flight The ball According to the Newton’s first law of motion, there will be no acceleration in horizontal direction, unless a horizontally directed force acts on the ball. Ignoring the air friction, only force acting on the ball during flights is the force of gravity. The range is the horizontal distance, x, between the hooter of the launcher and the place where the ball lands. The range is given by x = (v0 cos à ¸) t, Where v0 is the initial speed of the ball as it leaves the hooter, à ¸ is the angle of inclination above the horizontal, and t is the time of flight. If the ball is shot horizontally (à ¸ = 0), then the cos à ¸ = 1 and the range is given by x = v0 t. The time of flight will be t = x / v0 [Equation 1] The vertical distance, y, that the ball falls in time t is given by y = v0y t + 1/2 g t2 where v0y = 0 thus giving y = 1/2 g t2. Substituting for time, t with equation [1] will yield EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Equipment required: 1: Science Workshop Interface 2: A photo gate motion sensor 3: Time-of-flight timing sensor pad 4: Projectile Launcher 5: A plastic ball 6: Measuring tape Experimental procedure: Firstly, set up the angle that you have to launch by using the protractor; angles are 0, 30 or 60. Secondly, with the help of ramrod set the ball into the launcher. Moreover, the most important point is setting the right range that you wanted to calculate that is short, medium or long range. After that adjust the time of flight sensor pad, open the software â€Å"Projectile Motion† on computer and activate the application. By pulling the trigger launch the ball; note the reading for the time of flight from computer and then by using ruler measure the range. Take measurements three times for each range (short, medium, long range). Furthermore repeat the same process and take measurements three times for each angle (short range at 30 and 60). QUESTION/ANSWERS How do the values for the time of flight for short, medium and long range distances compare when the ball was launched horizontally? Also compare the values with the theoretical value of time of flight at 0. How do the values for the time of flight in horizontal, 30 and 60 launch compare when the ball was launched (in short range)? DISCUSSION Object moving in both motions that is falling free under gravity and moving both in horizontal direction is called as projectile motion; both the vertical and horizontal motions occur simultaneously but they don’t depend on each other. Moreover, after inputting the diameter of the ball into Data Studio we began our first shot at angle 0 and then according to that adjusted the landing pad to start collecting data. Furthermore, during this process we were making sure that the launcher speed remains same in every shot and also its angle; there were no problems in recording the data. CONCLUSION Projectile motion is two dimensional motion under constant acceleration due to gravity. Moreover, it is not necessary that an object should be thrown with some initial velocity in the horizontal direction; it is clear that there is a relationship between the angle of takeoff and the distance from which ball is thrown. Furthermore, the motion of a projectile can be studied easily by resolving it into horizontal and vertical components which are independent of each other. STUDENT’S SUGGESTION We have learned many things from this experiment like to calculate total time of the flight of an object and the prediction of landing point of a projectile. Moreover, Projectile motion helps in hitting the target. In addition, some of the real life examples are as follows: A golfer needs to know at what angle above the ground the golf ball should travel to reach closer to the golf pot, there are many applications of a projectile. Real life applications of projectile include bullets on a straight spinning flight, rockets, and missiles. Furthermore, football kicked off by a player, a ball thrown by a cricketer and a missile fired from launching pad, all projected at some angles with the horizontal, are called projectiles. References Anonymous. (1996). the Physics Classroom. Retrieved 03 28, 2015, from physicsclassroom.com: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-2/What-is-a-Projectile Boundless. (2014, 12 12). Key Points: Range, Symmetry, Maximum Height. Retrieved 03 24, 2015, from boundless.com: https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/two-dimensional-kinematics-3/projectile-motion-42/key-points-range-symmetry-maximum-height-230-11284/ http://amrita.vlab.co.in/?sub=1brch=74sim=191cnt=1 http://www.phy.olemiss.edu/~thomas/weblab/221_exp_procedures_spr2006/221_proced_Proj_mo_spr2006.pdf https://www.pa.msu.edu/courses/2002summer/PHY251/Projectile.pdf https://www.google.ae/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=9cad=rjauact=8ved=0CE0QFjAIurl=http://engineering.nyu.edu/gk12/Information/RAISE_Workshop_PowerPointFiles/Projectile%20Motion.pptei=T0UUVfDSO9PLaNWogdgCusg=AFQjCNHOrhZXFDclOBiI89btpHAQIHCLWgsig2=CqlyKDLGcXo1QS-W7SHNow http://www.pa.msu.edu/courses/1997fall/phy251/proj_mo.pdf https://www.google.ae/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=7cad=rjauact=8sqi=2ved=0CDoQFjAGurl=http://www.mssch.edu.hk/phy/lab/example/Projectile%20Motion%20Lab%20Report.docei=0WwVVfOHOpLdaNq0gMANusg=AFQjCNG8yUN-hLdBJj8YHOi1BSZHcXRJ8Qsig2=cw7jFYS9MqXH5KnSJXsnYQ https://www.google.ae/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=39cad=rjauact=8ved=0CE0QFjAIOB4url=http://www.rlasd.k12.pa.us/teachers/bsmith/Mr._Smiths_Physics_Classroom/Honors_Unit_4_files/Proj%20Motion%20Lab%20book.docei=yHUVVY39KoPzaN2pgbgCusg=AFQjCNEyanaLfh_BArpQ0408H7C5ZbDGFQsig2=snGyLOYUigF9iBf8o4I1dA http://www.pa.msu.edu/courses/1997fall/phy251/proj_mo.pdf https://docs.google.com/document/d/1UiGi0B9NPZeliXzZeptQoKA8G-Zg9z87ejszD9nSeHw/edit https://prettygoodphysics.wikispaces.com/file/view/Projectile+Motion+Lab.pdf https://186734.wikispaces.com/file/view/IWB++Camera.pdf

Epic of Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

As an epic tale of heroes and monsters, Beowulf gives its readers much excitement and adventure, but Beowulf's importance is more than just literary. It offers many insights into the beliefs and customs of seventh-century Anglo-Saxon culture. Among these insights is the Anglo-Saxon view of women and their role in society. In addition, a prominent theme in this epic is the love of a mother for her child. Good Anglo-Saxon women are peaceful and unassertive, greeting guests and serving drinks to the warriors and other men in the mead hall. It shows the role of a mother, and their love for their offspring. Grendel's mother is a strong and combative monster whom Beowulf must kill. However, her heart is filled with anger at the loss of her son at the hands of this same man. A mother who loves their child very much would do everything in their power to make sure their killer got their justice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beowulf is one of the oldest existing poems in the English language. Originally written in Anglo-Saxon, it has been translated to give readers the opportunity to enjoy this colorful, heroic poem of England’s epic age. It has been declared as a heroic-elegiac poem because of the various characteristics it clearly possesses. An epic consists of a hero who is larger than life. Epic characters also give numerous speeches that revel something about the past or the speaker’s characteristics. Beowulf does not give many, but from those he gives, the reader leans about his character traits. The language of the epic style is an elevated, rather formal language. Similes, kennings, and many other literary techniques are used throughout the poem. Beowulf clearly contains many epic characteristics and the following essay will present the evidence needed to support this allegation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The love a mother has for her child shows when Grendel’s mother comes to avenge the death of her son at the hands of Beowulf. He was the only human being who had the skills to defeat Grendel's mother was again Beowulf, and he would not say no to another battle. However, this battle with the mother was to take place under water. He got ready and armed for the underwater fight, and accepted the sword, which Unferth handed him. Beowulf took his leave to achieve another victory, but not as confident of himself this time as he was at his first battle.

Things Every Geologist Should Do :: essays research papers

As an experienced geologist, there are many things one could teach a new geologist. There are some basics recommended that every geologist be aware of. There are a variety of general geologic websites that a person could go to for information. One of them is called â€Å"Geysers and the Earth’s Plumbing Systems.† This website explains everything about geysers. Geysers are not often found on the surface of the earth and are considered very unstable hot springs. In order for a geyser to erupt there must be a water supply, a heat source, and a reservoir and associated plumbing system. There are only about fifty locations where geysers occur. In order for a geyser to erupt, boiling hot water and cool water must mix in the underground reservoir. When this happens the hot water rises and the cool water stays at the bottom. The water continues to rise until it comes out the top hole of the geyser. Sometimes the eruption is catastrophic while other times it is minor. Some characteristics that have an effect on geysers are the amount of rainfall, temperature of the water, and the barometric pressure. Even the smallest change in one of those can cause an eruption. Another interesting geological structure is slot canyons. This is something I have never heard about before, and I am assuming that not many other people have either. Slot canyons are hundreds of feet deep but only a couple of feet wide. They are mostly located in the southwest parts of the United States. They are very colorful due to the reflection of the sun off the walls of the canyon. It is said that they are hard to find but once located they are very beautiful. Lake Baikal is located in parts of Russia and southern Siberia. It is the deepest lake in the world, with an average depth of 730 meters, and the deepest part at 1620 meters. The lake covers over 31.5 square kilometers. That is one fifth of the world’s water in reserve. The Great Barrier Reef is a place that every geologist should visit at some point. It is located off the coast of Australia and extremely educational and beautiful. It is home to more than four hundred different types of coral, 1500 kinds of fish, and 4000 mollusks. The whole reef is over thirty-five hectares. After research in 1997 the reef was said to be in good condition and being well maintained.

How To Get Better At Basketball :: essays research papers

Hey all you amateur basketball players out there. Read this to find out how to improve your game! Tip 1: To be a great basketball player, you first must know your strengths and weaknesses. Big tall people don't need to shoot threes and short people shouldn't be in the middle struggling to get rebounds. Very physically able players should use that to there advantage to jump higher, run faster, and play better than their opponents. Not very strong or fast players should use fakes and their brains to score points. Tip 2: Team mates hate ball hogs, especially ball hogs who don't have any skills. Team mates respect passers who can penetrate and pass. Tip 3: If you're on a fast break and there aren't any defenders, then you don't need the whole team running down the floor, duh. Some people should stay back on defense. Move 1: The Drop Step This is a move to help you get to the basket. While your powering off the dribble and about to take a lay-up, instead of the two steps, you can land of your two feet at the same time, pump fake, and then get in the air again and shoot the ball. This helps your self from tripping over legs because you can easily jump over them. Move 2: The Jumper While your putting the moves on the defender but you're not getting anywhere, bounce the ball "behind" your back, not "around" your back (there is a difference), then jump backwards, catch the ball in your hands and shoot it. This move shakes off your defender for enough time to give you space for a good shot. Move 3: The Spinning Crossover Start with dribbling the ball with either hand, then cross over to the other hand but while its still in the other hand, spin around that way to bring it back to your right. For example, let's say you start with your right hand, once you take the ball to your left hand the defender might move to the left thinking you will go that way. Instead the bring the ball back around to the right again giving you enough space to burn past your defender and "take him to school.

Animals Should Not Be Used for Medical Research

UUB 3023 | CRITICAL THINKING| WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY NAME| 😠 SIFAJEE | TITLE| 😠 ANIMALS SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH IN MALAYSIA| Abstract There is no doubt that throughout the centuries, animals have played a central role in medical research in Malaysia. Many of the treatments available for serious illnesses we have today have come from animal experimentation. There has been recorded that the use of animals in research has been going on as far back as the Greek writings.According to the history, Aristotle who lived in 384-322 BC was the first to use living animals in experiments; whereas Galen, a physician in second-century Rome, was known as the â€Å"father of vivisection† from his experiments on living pigs. However, these experiments were not conducted in the name of clinical research; they were done to gain knowledge about the animals themselves. In that period of time, man was not set next to animals in comparison of physiology or any other way because man was seen as a creature above the animal. From century to century, new ideas were developed when Darwin came with his theory of evolution.His theory made a path that linked human with animals; and encouraged researches to be done on different animals to learn how human physiology worked. Even though many believed animal experimentation is important for clinical study, some claimed that it is against the humanity. Many debates have been carried out to argue whether the animal testing is crucial or cruel. The writer believes though many have heard of this matter, yet people need to know about the adverse effects it plays in the toxicology field. TABLE OF CONTENTS | | Page| | Abstract| 2| | Table of Contents| 3| Introduction| 4| | Argument 1| 5| | Argument 2| 7| | Counter Argument & Refutation| 9| | Conclusion & Recommendations| 13| | References| 15| Introduction Toxicology is the scientific study of interactions between chemicals or other biohazards to liv ing organisms and their systems; and how to prevent poisoning of such substances in application to human beings. Toxicologists often practice animal experimentations called â€Å"vivisection† in order to identify the effects of certain dose of drugs in animals; whether it is beneficial or become poisonous.Vivisection also include procedures such as infecting animals with diseases, poisoning for toxicity testing, brain damaging, maiming, and blinding to administer the impacts those acts have on these animals, and then, the theories created later can be practiced to enhance the human well-being. Nowadays, many animals in Malaysia are being used in toxicology field for clinical experiments, which cause more animal extinction in our country. Many people have been aware of this matter and this polemic has led to many arguments on whether it is really necessary to use animals in clinical study.Even though some people had argued that it is necessary to conduct clinical research on a nimals, it is believed that the act is no more applicable. The writer claims that animal testing or â€Å"vivisection† is inappropriate for clinical research in Malaysia because the results can be misleading and cause sufferings to animals. Argument 1 Firstly, an animal has a total different DNA and nervous system from a human and therefore you can’t rely on the results. It is claimed that bypass surgery is conducted to save the life of human beings, but the same bypass surgery can be fatal to animals.Similarly, paracetamol is a well-known medicine to cure headache on human, but it will kill a cat, goat or horse. Many of the animal experiments are not only horrible to the animals, but also unreliable. There are tremendous physiological variations between animal and human. According to a source (http://www. veganpeace. com/animal_cruelty/animal_testing. htm), it is stated that: â€Å"Drugs like ‘thalidomide’, ‘zomax’ and DES were all tested on animals and judged safe but had devastating consequences for the humans who used them.More than half of the prescription drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration between 1976 and 1985 were withdrawn from the market or relabeled because of the serious side effects they had on humans. They had all been tested on animals. † It has long been stated that animal testing can certainly be downright contradictory in the results it provides, as well as merely misleading (Dappleshade, 2012). According to the Medical Research Modernization Committee, human data has historically been interpreted in light of laboratory data derived from nonhuman beings. This had turned out to downtrodden medical consequences.For an example, retrospective studies on human patients, in the early 60’s, had already shown a strong correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Unfortunately, almost all experimental efforts on producing lung cancer in animals had failed (Medical Research Modernization Committee). Likewise, the relationship between alcohol consumption and cirrhosis (a liver disease caused by frequent alcohol consumption) is undeniable in human. However, experimental tests conducted to produce cirrhosis by excessive alcohol ingestion have failed in all animals except baboons.On the other hand, the case of polio research in animal models has directed to a misunderstanding of the mechanism of infection and it caused failed preventing measures and delayed the development of the vaccine. During the experimentation on monkeys, it has shown that the virus was transmitted via respiratory organs. When the vaccine tested with monkey’s cell, it has shown positive results. Eventually, the vaccine did not help in producing expected changes in human, and medical researchers found out later that the viruses of polio disease were actually transmitted through the digestive route in human.In short, it is clear that we should not rely on experimental studies in animals due to lots of misleading results and misunderstandings it catered. In Dr. Andrew Knight's â€Å"The Costs and Benefits of Animal Experiments†, it is stated that in a study of twenty randomly chosen cases, only two proved useful in further developing medicines and consistent with clinical trial data. Medical historians argued that key discoveries in fatal diseases in human were achieved mostly through observation of patients and human autopsy because there are lots of misleading results obtained through animal esting. It causes health warnings to be delayed for years, while thousands of people died of various diseases (Medical Research Modernization Committee). Argument 2 Secondly, animal testing or â€Å"vivisection† is inappropriate for clinical research because it causes horrific sufferings to animals. Masses have been debating on the issue that vivisection process is unethical because the helpless animals are harmed and it caused prolonging sufferings to t hem. Animals being sacrificed in the name of medical testing are not presented in objective ways by animal rights organizations in Malaysia.Hence, the general development of animal welfare-opinions has become more engaging. The fact why animal experimentation is against by the community is because the processes is not ended just by giving an animal a pill and see what it does, this is so much ahead than that. This include the action of applying animals with drugs, infecting it with diseases, poisoning for toxicity testing, brain damaging, maiming, blinding and other painful and invasive procedures (Anti-Vivisection Society, 2012). Furthermore, many people think that only mice and rats are being used in animal testing for clinical research.Most people don’t aware that actually rabbits, hamsters, cats, dogs, pigs, horses, goats, chickens, frogs, birds, monkeys and many more are being killed redundantly each year in laboratories. We can’t imagine what will happen to the a nimal’s population if this activity continues further. In addition, the protocols in animal experimentation turned out to be extremely heart-wrenching, where it includes procedures such as long-term social isolation, full-body restraint, electric shocks, withholding of food and water, or repeatedly breeding and separating infants from mothers.Animals suffer excessively when the medical practitioners break their legs, burn them, cut them open while they’re still alive, poison them and remove half their brains, spray fluids in their eyes and so on (Lithium Queen, 2010). The Anti-Vivisection Society further claimed that essentially, it is using animals in ways that cause distress or death in attempts to test the safety of drugs and biological products or finding treatments, prevention, and cures for human diseases. The other point to be noted is that animals are being sacrificed unnecessarily in order to maintain the human wellness.This is totally a failure of logic. Anim als in laboratories live in an intimidating environment within barren cages and experience unnatural lives of daily deprivation. The highly unnatural laboratory environment constantly stresses them. Most of the animals never get the chance to inhale fresh air nor relish sunshine. They are unable to convey their will, make choices, or exert their natural behaviors and needs. The changes that come into their lives are obviously from the intrusive experiments, which range from comfortless ‘zone’ to excruciation.Yet, they are helpless to defend themselves. Animals are not facing natural deaths in laboratories. The viruses that induced into their cells for testing may infect them vigorously and cause them to encounter death gradually. According to a research, it is stated that the viruses transmitted to animals affects the entire organism by altering pulse, blood pressure, hormone levels and immunological activities to their death. In short, it is totally unethical to conduc t animal testing for clinical researches as the adverse effects it has on the animal itself.Peter Singer wrote Animal Liberation in 1975, which has been a major formative influence on the modern animal rights movement. He wrote that â€Å"there are obviously important differences between human and other animals, and these differences must give rise to some differences in the rights that each have. † This is meant in a way that justifies the needs and rights every animal have. Thus, there is no reason to necessarily give an animal what you would have given a man (Dappleshade, 2012). Counter Argument ; Refutation However, there are those who argue that animals should be used for clinical research in Malaysia.The main reason why animals should be used is that animals are more likely resemble to human and they are more accountable to be in replace of human being for clinical studies. Animals are surrogates for humans. The basic reason for animal trials is to determine two issues before any new compound introduced to a human; safety and efficacy, whether a compound is safe for human ingestion and also whether a product works for its intended purpose (Laura Blue, June 17, 2008). In the perspective of doctors and scientists, animal testing is very important for medication and the humanity as a whole.Advocates of animal testing say that the outcomes of testing on animals are the most credible. Millions of medical discoveries decades ago were achieved through animal experimentations. According to the published journal Animal Testing in Medical Research, n. d, one of the most important discoveries was the discovery of insulin in humans. Insulin is secreted from the pancreas. In 1889, a pancreas from a dog was removed to prove its role in digestion. When the pancreas was removed, the researchers discovered flies swarming around the urine of the dog. They found sugar in the urine which proved the connection between pancreas and diabetes.For the following two decade s a lot of researches were done on dogs to figure out how to keep the dog alive without its own insulin production. Similarly, a lot of medical researches involving animals have been conducted to study the correlation it applies on human, and hence, enhance the wellness of human being. Some of the successful discoveries that has helped human from last centuries are as follows: †¢ Kidney transplants †¢ Replacement heart valves †¢ Polio vaccine †¢ Hip replacement surgery †¢ Heart bypass operations †¢ Drugs to treat mental illness †¢ Drugs to treat stomach ulcers, asthma and leukemia Drugs to control transplant rejection †¢ Life-support systems for premature babies It is affirmed that animal testing is important because in the absence of human data, research with experimental animals is reliable for detecting important toxic properties of chemical substances and for estimating risks to human and environmental health. A medical student from the Ox ford University, Kristina Cook, had argued that if this fundamental research is stopped, we won’t find a cure for cancer, a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, a vaccine for AIDS, a therapy for Alzheimer’s and a cure for paralysis.She insisted that any further advances in medicine and human health are absolutely dependent on animal research. Moreover, if to compare who is better to be used to conduct an experiment, of course people will choose animals instead of themselves, even though they realize that animals are also important creatures in our life (Daniyar, 2012). From the drugs testing on animals, now we have antibiotics and vaccines that have saved many people lives. According to Dr. Jane Goodall, n. , he said that, people got used to take all conveniences from life and forget that all those depend on medical researches on animals. In addition, the remedy that now saves thousands of women fighting with breast cancer was developed through medical testing on mice. According to Batul Nafisa Baxamusa, 2010, in DNA level, chimpanzees' body matches up with humans' in 90%. This big number facilitates successful surgeries and transplantations because of similar inner organs of chimpanzees with human's organs.According to University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), liver from baboon was successfully transplanted to a 35 year- old man in June 1992. This case was the first known transplantation from animal to human. It is the best example of how animal testing has resulted in saving human lives. In spite of opinion that using animals for people's curing is wrong, we can’t deny that fact that annually millions of animals are killed for food; they are used for agriculture, hunted for pleasure of people and even euthanized (Natalie Kustcher, n. ). In that case, using animals to treat and save people's lives by using their organs in surgeries, wouldn’t be the worst deal. Nevertheless, this argument can be refuted because it has bee n proven that with the availability of modern alternatives now, animals testing can be considered as useless. With the development of technology in science, various new alternatives have been found to replace the experiment on animals. Studies can be undertaken upon human cell cultures and engineered tissues, than testing on animals.According to a published journal, Animals in Research: The Importance of Animals in the Science of Toxicology (2006), one alternate way is by applying ‘vitro’ tests (meaning) laboratory tests using cell or organ cultures rather than whole organisms. In other cases, organisms such as worms or bacteria are used instead of mammals. In replacement of animals, computer models can also be developed to predict outcomes of the test carried out. The viable options were meant to produce more accurate results on the clinical research and to prevent more animals from being harmed.The cloning of human organs and examining within the cell cultures are now scientifically proven to produce more reliable data to human autopsy and therefore, the need for animal testing will be no longer become an issue. Referring to a reliable source (http://www. newscientist. com/article/mg15120450. 300-pioneers-cut-out-animal-experiments. html), a company by the name of Pharmagene Laboratories in the United Kingdom utilises only tissue cultures and computer modelling on its drug development and testing.The existence of this company shows that the need for animal experimentation is now no longer the case. Medical practitioners by all means can now consider replacing vivisection on animals with cloning of organs and safely test on it. By this way, no one gets hurt, and eventually it doesn’t cost as much as animal testing. Many people may believe that modern alternatives are much more expensive than animal testing because that is what the pharmaceutical industry keeps telling them.It indeed costs quite an amount of money to switch from old techniq ues to new ones, but eventually it will be worth it. It is a one-time investment, whereas with animal testing; you have to keep paying for it. The cost to rear, feed and maintain animal subjects is extremely high, whereas the alternative methods are cheaper and thus less burdensome on the economy. So despite what the industry claims, animal testing is more expensive than the use of modern alternatives (LithiumQueen, 2010). Conclusion & RecommendationsTo sum things up, the writer would like to uphold once again that animals should not be used for clinical research in Malaysia. Through time, the welfare of the animals has come into focus, and several legislations have been made to prevent cruelty and unnecessary acts. Even though many medical breakthroughs have been a result of animal researches, we should only be grateful to the animal tests of the past for the benefits they have provided us, without seeing a need for animal tests in the future (Dappleshade, 2012).Despite of the argu ments that animal experimentation must be conducted because animal pathology is similar to that of humans, we should aware more on the consequences that the misleading results animal testing has played, and that using animals in laboratories cause horrific sufferings to them. There are more negative effects imposed by animal experimentation than the benefits it has provided us with. A professor of philosophy, Professor Charles R. Magel made his statement that: â€Å"Ask the experimenters why they experiment on animals, and the answer is: ‘Because the animals are like us. Ask the experimenters why it is morally okay to experiment on animals, and the answer is: ‘Because the animals are not like us. ‘ Animal experimentation rests on a logical contradiction. † In Europe, a research foundation called 3Rs is being implemented in order to find solution to the abundance number of animals sacrificed in the name of animal testing. The term 3Rs stands for Replacement, Reduction and Refinement. This implies the concept to replace animal testing, to reduce the number of animals used in testing, or to refine methods to minimise the distress for research animals.This kind of research foundation should be implemented in Malaysia as well, to promote good science with no animal experimentation in future. In conclusion, with the new technology lead to viable alternatives and more humane methods like use of cell cultures and imaging, it is hoped that the number of animals used in medical research can be tremendously reduced. References * Christine Egerszegi- Obrist, 3R Research Foundation (n. d). Good Science with Less Animal Experimentation. Available at http://www. forschung3r. ch/ * Dappleshade, Debate. org (2012).Animal Testing should be Banned. Retrieved from http://www. debate. org/debates/Animal-testing-should-be-banned/1/ * Kristina Cook (April 4,2006). Why Animal Research is Important AND Needed: A Copy of the Speech I Gave on the February 25th D emonstration. Retrieved from http://www. protest. org. uk/2006/04/why-animal-research-is-important-and. html * Laura Blue (June 17, 2008). How Much Does Animal Testing Tell Us?. Retrieved from http://www. time. com/time/health/article/0,8599,1815241,00. html * Lee Bowman, Scripps Howard News Service (2011).Animal Testing: Crucial or Cruel?. Retrieved from http://www. abc15. com/dpp/news/national/animal-testing%3A-crucial-or-cruel * LithiumQueen, Mibba Creative Writing (2010). The Cruelty of Animal Testing. Retrieved from http://www. mibba. com/Articles/Science/3703/The-Cruelty-of-Animal-Testing/ * Marte Thomassen, Ellen Trolid, Tonje Arondsen, Marit Gystol (n. d). Animal Testing in Medical Research- Past, present and future. Retrieved from http://www. nt. ntnu. no/users/clabec/pdf/MedicalResearchAnimalExperiments. pdf Medical Research Modernization Committee (2006). A Critical Look at Animal Experimentation. Retrieved from http://www. mrmcmed. org/Critical_Look. pdf * Neavs. org (n. d). Alternatives in Testing. Retrieved from http://www. neavs. org/alternatives/in-testing * The Society of Toxicology (2006). Animals in Research: The Importance of Animals in the Science of Toxicology. Retrieved from http://www. toxicology. org/ai/air/AIR_Final. pdf * Wanda Embar (2008). Animal Testing. Retrieved from http://www. veganpeace. com/animal_cruelty/animal_testing. htm

Fast Food and Obesity Essay

Now a days, fast food is becoming a cheap and yet a popular way for people who are too busy to cook. But the cheap price of the fast food is nothing in comparison to the true price that these people are paying. Every 4 out of 10 adults in the USA will become obese in the next 5 years if they keep eating this food the way they are. Eating fast food like this is causing major health risks. Since this food is so cheap, it makes it convenient for people to go out and get food instead of staying home to cook. In addition, fast food companies are trying to target kids. If the companies get to the kids at a young age, they will get hooked on the food. Because of all this, people need to stop eating fast food before it gets out of hand. This fast food world has spread tremendously around the globe, and obesity has shortly followed. In addition to this it has also brought heart disease, arthritis, diabetes and many other types of illnesses. Fast food isn’t only making people fatter, but its also increasing people’s chances of obtaining type two diabetes. People’s muscles and fat cells that have type two diabetes lose the ability to take in a sugar called glucose from their blood. The glucose builds up and reaches very high levels and because of this they get damage to the eyes, neuropath (loss of feeling), kidney disease and heart disease. Most of the people who have type two diabetes are obese or overweight. A long-term study between the link of fast food, obesity and diabetes were tested. It compared the people who would eat fast food at least twice a week to the people who ate it less than once a week. The results showed that the people who are more fast food gained about 10 pounds more then the people who are it less than once a week over a fifteen-year period. Eating fast food can cause many diseases such as Hypertension, Heart Disease, Cancer, Gall Bladder Disease and E. coli, which is one of the worst forms of food poisoning. E. Coli is spread through undercooked burgers and it is very difficult to cure. 4 % of the people who have this poison develop hemolytic uremic syndrome and close to 5 % of the kids who develop this die. E. Coli is now becoming the major reason for renal failure for American kids. People would rather spend their money on a cheap burger that tastes good compared to a burger that tastes just as good for six times the price. The great thing about fast food is that over these many years their products taste hasn’t changed. â€Å"The whole experience of buying fast food, has become so routine, so thoroughly unexceptional and mundane, that it is now taken for granted, like brushing your teeth or stopping for a red light.† Says Eric Schlosser, author of Fast Food Nation. Millions of people a day are buying fast food because it’s so convenient to get to. Today’s economy is also dropping and because of this going out to buy fast food has become easier to feed people’s families. Instead of a family going out to a restaurant to feed the family for 60 dollars, they can go to a fast food restaurant and spend about one third of that. These fast food restaurants are making a lot of money off this cheap food With the money they make, they spend some of it for advertising to grab people’s attention Since most kids watch TV they are the ones that are affected most by this McDonald’s spends billions of dollars on advertising each year. Most of the kids know Ronald McDonald more than they do their own president. Just about 30% of all children each day eat fast food according to a Harvard study. This is part of the reason why America is the fattest country in the world. According to Alan Green, on average, kids who eat fast food gain an extra 6 pounds in weight each year. â€Å" The numbers, though alarming, are not surprising since billions of dollars are spend each year on fast-food advertising directed at kids, â€Å" said lead author Dr. David Ludwig, director of the obesity program at children’s Hospital Boston. Borzekowski says that most people prefer the branded fries compared to unbranded fries and the same results were found about branded chicken nuggets and non-branded chicken nuggets. â€Å" Its no surprise that branding works,† says Borzekowski. In another test done by Borzekowski, they took two burgers from McDonalds and put one in a non branded wrapper, Borzekowski had the kids try both and astonishingly most kids tasted a difference in the two burgers. The majority of the preferred the McDonalds wrapped burger. McDonalds also finds ways of getting to the kids, because in Seminole County, the kids are rewarded with Happy Meals if the have a nearly perfect attendance or it they do well on their report cards. In fact, Stuart Elliot of the New York Times says that the Florida schools are â€Å"using children’s report cards to help stimulate sales { at McDonalds }.† Kids can get a number of Happy meal choices such as four chicken McNuggets, a Hamburger and small fries or a cheeseburger with apple dippers. These kids are being rewarded with fast food, which is part of the reason that they are becoming obese.

Hamlet vs. Beowulf Essay

How do the protagonists from Beowulf and Hamlet compare? Though both play a major role in an epic story, they share a few common viewpoints. The outcome of both stories is greatly influenced by the main character’s struggles in life. The situations that occur throughout these stories also impact the narratives. In addition, the various characters in each work influence the protagonists’ choices and lives. Each is involved in themes which can easily relate to those of modern day society, although Beowulf and Hamlet live in completely different times. Beowulf is the ideal warrior; he is a strong, fearless fighter and a fantastic leader who goes to immutable extremes to protect his people. When his country is threatened by what is thought to be an undefeatable beast named Grendel, Beowulf does the impossible and slays the monster. Hamlet, on the other hand, is not a leader like Beowulf whatsoever. Hamlet is not even a king or recognized as a leader. Hamlet’s father was murdered, and afterwards he simply wants to go back to school to learn. It is not until much thought and preparation that he makes it his mission to have his father’s revenge. If Beowulf was placed in the same situation, he would have instantly killed the man responsible for the murder. From the beginning of this epic poem, Beowulf is not loved as a child and is told he will never be a leader, thus giving him the motivation to become one of the greatest warriors ever. His only fear is failure, in battle and as a leader. He takes on such a large role as a warrior that his fellow countrymen do not see the need to ever prepare to fight because Beowulf is all the warrior they need. This ultimately results in much pain and struggle when Beowulf finds himself in need of assistance. Hamlet is as much of an introvert as Beowulf is an extrovert. Hamlet prefers to study instead of fight and learn over battle. Hamlet’s parents love him, but his mother is a shallow woman who marries his uncle solely to remain in a place of power. Horatio and Hamlet hold an odd relationship- Horatio is Hamlet’s servant, yet he is a close friend of Hamlet’s. There are many major events in both of these narratives, but one in each stands out. In Beowulf, at the beginning of the novel he is crowned king and viewed as the leader of all. This is a major event because it puts Beowulf in a position of undivided power which seems to eventually go to his head. Though he is an incredible leader, he believes that he does not and never will need any assistance, which ends up being fatal. In his final moments, Beowulf exclaims â€Å"To the everlasting Lord of All, to the King of Glory, I give thanks that I behold this treasure here in front of me, that I have been allowed to leave my people so well endowed on the day I die† (Beowulf, page 189). A major turning point in Hamlet is the scene where Hamlet speaks with his father’s ghost. Up until this point in the play, Hamlet seems at ease with his father’s death, but after he converses with the ghost he becomes ridden with revenge. This climax turns the entire context of the play from Hamlet wishing to attend school to Hamlet seeking revenge on his uncle which, similarly to Beowulf, leads to his death. Beowulf’s character is rather elaborate. At the beginning of the book, it is said â€Å"a boy-child was born to Shield, a cub in the yard, a comfort sent by God to the nation† (Beowulf, page 3). From the beginning, Beowulf is made out to be an undefeatable hero who will stop at nothing to protect his people from danger. It is easy to relate to Beowulf in the sense that he will always rise to people’s expectations and continue to exceed them, as supported by the text â€Å"then Halfdane’s son presented Beowulf with a gold standard as a victory gift†¦with customary grace bestowed upon Beowulf both sets of gifts† (Beowulf, page 69). But it eventually comes to a point where he simply cannot meet the expectations and is left dumbfounded. As Grendel’s mother returns to take her son’s claw, she is frightened as â€Å"The hell-dam was in panic, desperate to get out, in mortal terror the moment she was found, she had pounced and taken one of the retainers in a tight hold, then headed for the fen† (Beowulf, page 91). Even though the monster is scared and running away, Beowulf, simply out of pride, follows her to her home to battle. Hamlet has no leadership desire at the beginning of the play. He simply wants to study and learn while his dad rules the country. Then Claudius, his uncle, murders his dad and after an encounter with his father’s ghost, Hamlet’s personality changes; he becomes obsessed with restitution. This makes sense because anger is one of the strongest human emotions. It is an axiomatic emotion, referred to as â€Å"one of the seven deadly sins.† For Hamlet, this becomes a reality as getting revenge ultimately leads to his own death. A very popular quote, â€Å"More than kin, less than kind† (Hamlet, page 3) was originated in Hamlet when he mumbled it to his uncle, who becomes his stepfather. Beowulf and Hamlet, though composed by different authors and written in different forms, have struggles which parallel many in the world today. Both of the heroes are affected by emotions, the people around them, and the events that occur throughout each work. Beowulf lives in a very violent society where heinous violence is the norm; this compares to certain parts of the world today, such as the Mideast. He also exemplifies the good in good versus evil which most of the modern world still deals with today. Beowulf fought against monsters whereas people today fight against disease and terrorism. Hamlet’s obsession with revenge is not different from many living today. Although Christians are meant to forgive their neighbors, many find this difficult. We are supposed to learn from history, however, the past seems to repeat itself more often than not. Even though Hamlet and Beowulf live in different eras, their battles with violence, good versus evil, and revenge still hold true today.

Outliers: The Story to Sucess Essay

Outliers: The Story of Success is a book that examines the qualities and experiences of successful people in order to provide a blueprint for nurturing the human potential. According to the author, Malcolm Gladwell, human potential is not something one is born with but something that has to be shaped throughout one’s life course. Contrary to popular belief, having a high IQ or a lucky break are good opportunities to have, however, they do not contribute to an individual’s success alone. Gladwell realized that it took a combination of biological, personal, social, and environmental factors to help an individual reach their full potential. Examples of those factors that influence one’s success include timing of birth, area where one lives, family history, and culture. These factors make up concepts that Gladwell described as practical intelligence, social savvy, natural growth, and natural advantage. In addition to these factors, he discussed how anyone can succeed if they were willing to practice and work hard. He demonstrated this theory by researching the different stories of successful people and he found a common denominator, long hours of professional practice. He referred to this as the â€Å"10,000 Hour Rule. He mentioned that it took 10,000 hours or approximately 10 years of practice to perfect a professional trade. Outliers are successful people that are not your ordinary individual. However, the distinction of a true outlier can be attributed from the author’s recipe of success: the right combination of the different factors, practice, and hard work. Gladwell knew that IQ was not the sole determinant of success. So he developed other concepts based on family circumstances that included the time period of birth and child rearing, as well as, one’s acquired knowledge through education. Robert Sternberg described practical intelligence as a procedural method of knowledge that helps one know how, when, and what to say to whom to get what they desired. Gladwell looked at the life’s courses of successful people and found that many sports players born at a certain time of year were more likely to be selected for professional hockey or soccer teams. He discovered that they had more time to practice and become  better at playing these sports before the team’s selection process. He also looked at the time period at which one was born such as Bill Joy or Bill Gates, to show how they were born at the perfect time to refine a skill and change the world when the opportunity presented itself later in life. These examples show that each of these people acquired the proper skills from lots of hard work and long hours of practice; nonetheless, they were also at the right place at the right time, which were made possible through family circumstances. Social savvy is another process of acquiring knowledge that includes a collection of skills that had to be learned. These skills and attitudes are usually passed down through family generations and the chances of success are strongly influenced by their cultural legacy. Annette Laureate was a sociologist who best explained this concept after studying a group of black and white 3rd graders from different socioeconomic statuses. She discovered that the socioeconomic status played a major role in children developing social savvy skills. However, the two parenting style â€Å"philosophies† were divided along class lines. Wealthy and middle-class parents supported their children and encouraged them to pursue goals. Wealthy children’s parents tended to be very involved in their child’s life and their schedules were filled with numerous activities. Middle-class parents used reasoning with their children to teach their children how to talk, negotiate, and question authority figures to obtain more information. This parenting style was called â€Å"concerted cultivation† because it nurtured and evaluated a child’s opinions, talents, and skills. Whereas, poor parents had a different strategy of raising their children, that is referred to as natural growth. Natural growth is the parent’s sole responsibility of caring for their children but letting the child develop and grow on their own. Neither method is ethically better than the other but the concerted cultivation demonstrated more natural advantages. Comparing Chris Langham, the smartest person in the world, and Robert Oppenheimer, one of the wealthiest lawyers in world, we learned that the cultural advantages of the wealthier families made a significant difference in how one is able to navigate throughout life. Although the poor children were independent and creative, later on in life they were not able to customize their desired path because they  distrusted authority and lacked the knowledge that taught them how to make a lasting first impression. These concepts proved that being an outlier is not just about luck but a combination of IQ, acquired knowledge from education and ideal circumstances generated by family. In 1994, David Leven and Michael Feinberg founded KIPP, Knowledge is Power Program, Academy in New York City for underprivileged children. The school’s concept is remotely based on one of Gladwell’s main points, the importance of cultural legacy. This experimental middle school choose their students through a lottery system and the students spent long hours each day learning about respect and different school subjects. This social initiative has been compared to other foreign countries’ schooling, because it supported another one of Gladwell’s points that hard work and lots of practice matters in success. Gladwell mentioned that practical intelligence or social savvy skills were usually acquired from one’s family, but KIPP Academy taught these skills at school. Therefore, many of the children went on to be successful because they have learned the tools to ensure life achievement. As mentioned earlier, socioeconomic status was one of the factors that contributed to one’s accomplishments, however, this school’s mission proved that regardless of a child’s family background, the child can still succeed if given the structure and opportunity. Daisy Nation and her husband were hard working schoolteachers who provided a foundation for the success of their children and their grandchildren. Both of their twin daughters, Faith and Joyce, were able to reap the benefits of their labor and achieve higher education. Faith was given several scholarships but Joyce was not always that lucky. However, Daisy always looked out for both daughters and sent them to schools believing that the funds for their educations would be come unexpectedly. Joyce went to France for school where she met her husband, Graham, and in this union Malcolm Gladwell, the author of this book, was born. Gladwell was indeed an outlier; however, he remained humble in knowing that he was not self-made but the product of his family and the concepts he mentioned in his book. His IQ, practical knowledge, and social savvy all played a role in his success. This book was very inspirational to me because it helped me to understand my past, present, and future success. I was not raised in a wealthy family, attended what is considered to be the best schools or even considered the smartest person in my classes, but I have had impeccable timing and great drive to pursue goals when educational and professional opportunities presented themselves. In my past, the life lessons and values from my parents created common sense. My DNA and pursuit of higher education generated book sense. With both set of skills, I have had many memorable experiences and I obtained a substantial amount of knowledge that has brought me thus far and will take me further than my high IQ or any lucky break could have taken me alone. This thought-provoking text demonstrated that I did not have to be wealthiest or have the highest test score, but solely needed the concepts of knowledge and practice to meet the success threshold. This book has also helped me to understand what I need to do presently in order to be a Public Health and Social Work expert. I lack the direct practice that is needed to reach the expertise level; however, I am willing to work hard and long to be successful in understanding individuals to produce changes in a population of individuals. Our society needs more individuals who have found their niche and used it for the advancement of the general public. The level of training and knowledge in public health is ever-changing and will require hard work and practice to be effective. I am an African American woman who has continued to beat the odds regardless of what some have predicted or desired for my life. At times, I feel as if they are right, but I remember the words of a wise man, â€Å"God doesn’t expect you to always be the best, He just expects you to do your best.† Therefore, I use negativity as my motivation to keep striving and utilize my skills to make a change one step, one day at a time.